In Canada and the US, Italians form an ethnic community whose values and traditions represent an alternative to the North American
status quo. This particular reality often leads to the assumption, among North
Americans, that Italy – unlike Canada or the US, countries composed of plural
“national identities” – hosts no ethnic communities of its own to provide
alternates to the Italian lifestyle. Recently, a friend traveling to Italy
lamented (or perhaps only half-celebrated) what he called a necessary adherence
to a carbohydrate loaded Italian diet for three weeks; quite simply, traveling
to what was to him an already ethnic location, he never thought to seek out
other ethnic options within it – or realized there were any.
It isn’t difficult to imagine why. Native Italians represent 92% of Italy’s overall population.
Despite recent strides in immigration and human rights - the “L’Italia, sono anch’io” campaign
is a noteworthy example – Italy’s relationship with its remaining 8% of foreign
cultures is still defined by exclusion and marginalization; the conversation
surrounding non-native Italians is taboo, and extends beyond the decades-long resistance to Rom (colloquially, gypsy) populations and establishments. Immigrants and their families, the
children born on Italian soil, legal permanent residents there, fluent in
Italian language and culture, are still often viewed as secondary and negligible
subsets of the population. No one knows about these ethnic communities because
no one talks about them. They are (not so conspicuously) absent at events
aiming to build or reinforce national identity, they live in clusters outside
city centers or ancient city walls; for all intents and purposes, they are numerically
invisible.
Mario Balotelli is a notable exception – but barely.
In fact, in many cases, the word “immigrant” itself is
associated with negative connotations that nurture a culture of
misunderstanding and fear. When traveling to Padua once, I was warned
(affectionately, by my Italian host family) to avoid the city’s outer limits
and periphery, as I might encounter unwanted attention from “violent” or
otherwise disreputable immigrant populations there. I didn’t, but I almost
hoped I would, so their worry would be justified.
These other ethnic communities do, however, exist. What is
more, they thrive. Index Mundi’s 2013 Italian Demographic Profile limits its
count of visible ethnic groups in Italy to German, French, Slovene, Albanian,
and Greek-Italians. But Africans, Asians, and Americans represented a total of
49% of immigrants to Italy in 2013 – a year that saw the immigration rate increase by 8.2%. Excluded from the count, but no less present in or necessary
to Italy’s national functioning are illegal immigrants who are assumed to make
up at least 1% of Italy’s total population. More importantly, however, Italy’s
landed immigrant groups have made their presence not only felt, but also
appreciated in recent years.
Chinese immigrants and naturalized Chinese-Italians make up 6.32% of Prato’s total population and, alongside their Japanese neighbors, have
successfully established themselves as reputable businesspeople and
restaurateurs in major urban areas like Florence and Empoli. Moroccan salespeople
and merchants flock to Southern Italy early in their careers for trunk shows
and professional fairs – and never leave. Indian retailers have created a space
for themselves and their market in and around Rome and Milan increasingly since
1990. “Made in Italy” is no longer the priority it was even ten years ago, as
alternative models of production and dissemination have become available since
then.
Truth be told, when in Florence, I am just as likely to find the shoe or garment or accessory I need "dal cinesino" (as Italians call shops run by Chinese owners) as I am at Coin (and at a fraction of the price), and eat "ethnic" food almost as frequently as I eat Italian food, it's just that available. (Ask me for a list of my favorite places.)
To any Italian, however, this alternative is still the less prestigious, inferior choice. To be sure: Italians (mostly of my generation) will (and do) shop dal cinesino, especially during this current economic downturn. They will (and do) deviate from their diet of conventional staples to enjoy another country's native cuisine. But Italy’s
relationship with The Other is still troubled and uncertain, despite the
changing face of its demographic since the late 1960s.
Historically, however, it is difficult to understand Italy
as anything other than an amalgamation of coexisting and often conflicting nationalities.
From Antiquity to the Risorgimento, it was the battleground of many peoples
from Nordic Vikings to indigenous Arabs competing for land, space, comfort,
commercial monopoly. Today’s native Italians are bred of this diversity, whose
vestiges are still visible in Italy’s art and architecture. Italy’s national
fabric has been woven from these multicolored threads and enriched by the
presence of cultures it considers foreign to its own – a fact worth remembering
as it moves from accommodation to acceptance and praise of the Italian Other -- and a fact worth remembering as we travel to an Italy that hasn't, for the past forty years, been all tomato sauce and Roberto Cavalli.
